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Illustration by Topos Graphics

By Matthew Philips and Dakin Campbell

Chart: The Fed has never kept rates as low, for as long, as they are now Data: National Bureau of Economic Research

The Federal Reserve, which cut its target for the federal funds rate to a zero-to-0.25 percent range on Dec. 16, 2008, said last month that rates would remain “exceptionally low” at least through late 2014. While the unprecedented period of near-zero rates is meant to aid an ailing economy, it poses challenges for banks, insurers, pension funds, and savers.

The hope is that by making mortgages and other loans cheaper, ultra-low rates eventually may revive economic...