Simon Johnson, the former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, is the co-author of "13 Bankers."
We should take Ron Paul seriously. The Texas congressman had an impressive showing in the Iowa caucuses on Tuesday and his poll numbers elsewhere are resilient "“ he is running a strong third among Republicans nationally and is currently second in New Hampshire polling. He may well become the Republican candidate with populist momentum and energy in the weeks ahead.
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Mr. Paul also has a clearly articulated view on the American banking system, laid out forcefully in his 2009 book, "End the Fed." This book and its bottom-line recommendation that the United States should return to the gold standard "“ and abolish the Federal Reserve System "“ tend to be dismissed out of hand by many. That's a mistake, because Mr. Paul makes many sensible and well-informed points.
But there is a curious disconnect between his diagnosis and his proposed cure, and this disconnect tells us a great deal about why this version of populism from the right is unlikely to make much progress in its current form. There is much that is thoughtful in Mr. Paul's book, including statements like this (on Page 18):
Just so that we are clear: the modern system of money and banking is not a free-market system. It is a system that is half socialized "“ propped up by the government "“ and one that could never be sustained as it is in a clean market environment.
Mr. Paul is also broadly correct that the Federal Reserve has become, in part, a key mechanism through which large banks are rescued from their own folly, so that their management gets the upside when things go well and the realization of any downside risks is shoved onto other people.
If you don't like this characterization of the American system, turn your attention to Europe and the euro zone "“ where the European Central Bank is busy propping up banks with "liquidity" (in the form of three-year loans), in part hoping that these financial institutions can, in turn, support the government bond market.
There are no Ron Paul-type populists in Europe "“ at least I have never come across a mainstream politician there wanting to abolish any central bank. But I predict that related views will pick up European adherents in the months ahead — for example, as people in Germany increasingly worry about the actions of the European Central Bank and want to go back to some version of their own Bundesbank, which was very careful about not creating inflation.
Mr. Paul represents an important strand of American libertarian thinking, seeing the root of all financial evil in the role of the government "“ and tracing this back to what he sees as deviations from the Constitution, made possible by the Supreme Court (beginning with McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819; I recommend "Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic," by Richard E. Ellis, if you'd like to read more on that key episode).
Mr. Paul's argument goes too far in this direction, however, including statements like "the Supreme Court has never been a friend of sound money and has rarely been a protector of the Constitution" (on Page 168). His book would also be more convincing if it relied a little less exclusively on sources produced by a single publisher, the Ludwig von Mises Institute.
The gold standard is, to Mr. Paul, a panacea, because it would restrict the role of the government and what a central bank could do. In fact, in his version of the gold standard "“ which is not the one that generally prevailed "“ there is no role for a central bank whatsoever.
But Mr. Paul's book also acknowledges the imbalance of power within the financial system that prevailed at the end of the 19th century. Wall Street financiers, like J.P. Morgan, were among the most powerful Americans of their day. In the crisis of 1907, it was Morgan who essentially decided which financial institutions would be saved and who must go to the wolves.
Would abolishing the Fed really create a paradise for entrepreneurial banking start-ups, enabling them to challenge and overthrow the megabanks?
Or would it just concentrate even more power in the hands of the largest financial players? It is hard to find a moment of greater inequality of power than that of the Gilded Age of the late 1800s "“ with the gold standard and the associated credit system firmly working to the advantage of J.P. Morgan and his colleagues.
Mr. Paul insists that "in a competitive and free system, deposits would not be unsafe; any that were not paid back that were promised would fall under the laws of protection against fraud" (Page 27).
Again, this seems to mistake the true nature of power both in modern American society and in a world without any limit on the scale and nature of banks. Laws and rules do not drop from the sky; they are shaped in minute detail by an intense and very expensive lobbying process. (For a prominent and credible example, see Jeff Connaughton's latest piece in The Huffington Post on how slow the Securities and Exchange Commission has been to deal with concerns about high-frequency trading.)
There is nothing on Mr. Paul's campaign Web site about breaking the size and power of the big banks that now predominate. "End the Fed" is also frustratingly evasive on this issue.
Mr. Paul should address this issue head-on — for example, by confronting the very specific and credible proposals made by Jon Huntsman, who would force the biggest banks to break themselves up. The only way to restore the market is to compel the most powerful players to become smaller.
Ending the Fed "“ even if that were possible or desirable "“ would not end the problem of too-big-to-fail banks. The only credible way to threaten not to bail them out is to insist that even the largest bank is not big enough to bring down the financial system.
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